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Final Paper Topic

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I am going to be writing my paper of on dual glutamatergic-GABAergic neurons and propose how these neurons might affect different depressive behavioral phenotypes based on their distribution in the brain. It is more widely accepted the neurons only release one type of neurotransmitter. However, recent studies have shown that this might not be true; that neurons can co-release neurotransmitters. One of the first papers to propose the neurons could co-release neurotransmitters was Corelease of Two Fast Neurotransmitters at a Central Synapse by Jonas et al. (1998), which used paired recording from synaptically connected neurons in spinal cord slices to determine that spinal interneurons were releasing both glycine and GABA. Since this time, several papers have come out in support of the concept of  neurons co-releasing neurotransmitter including Ottem et al. (2004) which explored the role of the neurotransmitters I am more specifically interested in, dual glutamatergic-GABAergic neurons, in the adult preoptic area and Gutiérrez (2005) which noted that the dual glutamatergic-GABAergic neuron hypothesis needed further testing with paired recordings. A laboratory that has done really interesting work in studying dual glutamatergic-GABAergic neurons is the Root Laboratory located at Colorado University, Boulder. The Root Lab published a paper back in 2018 entitled  Selective Brain Distribution and Distinctive Synaptic Architecture of Dual Glutamatergic-GABAergic Neurons that confirms that glutamatergic-GABAergic neurons are found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), entopeduncular (EPN), and supramammillary (SUM) nuclei.

These are just some of the papers I am going to use to establish a background for my topic. I am going to incorporate articles that also talk about how it can to be believed that one neuron can only release one type of neurotransmitter (Mosier 2010) and might also include a paper about the monoamine transporters. I want to mainly focus on VTA when honing in on depressive phenotypes but I want to make sure I can find enough information to support this.


Gutiérrez, R. (2005). The dual glutamatergic–GABAergic phenotype of hippocampal granule cells. Trends in Neurosciences, 28(6), 297–303. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2005.04.005

Jonas, P. (1998). Corelease of Two Fast Neurotransmitters at a Central Synapse. Science, 281(5375), 419–424. doi: 10.1126/science.281.5375.419

Mosier, D. R. (2010). Clinical Neuroscience. Neurology Secrets, 7–17. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-05712-7.00001-5.

Ottem, E. N. (2004). Dual-Phenotype GABA/Glutamate Neurons in Adult Preoptic Area: Sexual Dimorphism and Function. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(37), 8097–8105. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.2267-04.2004

Root, D. H., Zhang, S., Barker, D. J., Miranda-Barrientos, J., Liu, B., Wang, H.-L., & Morales, M. (2018). Selective Brain Distribution and Distinctive Synaptic Architecture of Dual Glutamatergic-GABAergic Neurons. Cell Reports, 23(12), 3465–3479. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.063

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